International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research

Bridging the Gap: Investigating the State-of-the-Art Approaches in Oral Biologic Delivery and Their Role in Redefining Therapeutic Possibilities

2024-07-16T05:21:49-04:00

Biopharmaceutical medications that originate from biological sources and processes are known as biologics. Biologics are now the most promising medications for oral use in treating a variety of illnesses. These illnesses may involve problems with inflammation and metabolism. It has been established that the most practical way to provide medication is by oral delivery of biologics. Due to the simplicity of taking doses, patients are observed to be directed towards the oral drug, demonstrating its great effectiveness. Even though biologicals are the most promising medicine, oral delivery of these drugs still faces numerous challenges because of a number of extremely strict limitations. The two major obstacles are the sensitivity and the difficulty of delivering the biologics through the gastrointestinal tract. Because oral administration of biologicals has been shown to be crucial for achieving the desired long-term effects from the treatment, it is the most researched topic and continues to attract the attention of several researchers. Since it is more convenient for patients, taking medications orally is preferred; however, biologics cannot currently be administered orally. Multiple barriers are present in the gastrointestinal tract due to its physiological role, which restricts the absorption of complex macromolecules into the body after intake. Because biologics are relatively large molecules, they have very limited permeability across the intestinal mucosa in addition to being exceedingly vulnerable to the harsh environment of the digestive tract. The history of research on oral delivery of biologics is extensive, and the recent surge in biologics has further intensified this body of work. The primary physiological obstacles to oral biologic delivery are outlined in this article along with many research approaches that may be used to facilitate or enhance oral biological delivery.

Keywords: Biologics, intestinal mucosa, permeability, oral delivery, gastrointestinal tract, macromolecules

A Review on Socioeconomic Divide: Implications for Health Outcomes and Oral Health

2024-09-18T08:19:06-04:00

Social inequality has a substantial influence on oral health and health outcomes in general. It takes many different forms, including differences in wealth and educational attainment. Prominent health inequalities are caused by the unequal distribution of opportunities and resources, which is influenced by socioeconomic, racial, and geographic variables. Unfair health disparities are caused by a variety of factors, including as living circumstances, health-related behaviours, and biological variance. These differences, which mostly impact lower socioeconomic groups, threaten social cohesiveness, impair economic stability, and intensify emotional stress. In order to address these problems, more inclusive definitions of health are needed, along with fair policy. Addressing these gaps requires comprehensive efforts to enhance general health and eliminate inequities, including those in dental treatment. Public health plays a vital role in this regard.

Keywords: Health, Inequality, Perspective, Social inequality

Antioxidants and the Prevention of Congenital Heart Defects

2024-08-30T23:43:08-04:00

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are among the most prevalent congenital anomalies, contributing significantly to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence indicates that oxidative stress is a key factor in the etiology of CHDs, as increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during critical periods of fetal development can lead to cellular damage and impaired cardiac morphogenesis. This narrative review explores the mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to the development of congenital heart defects and highlights the role of antioxidants in mitigating these effects. Antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, selenium, and coenzyme Q10, have demonstrated potential in reducing oxidative damage and supporting maternal and fetal health. Their ability to neutralize ROS can help protect developing cardiac tissues from oxidative injury, thereby promoting normal cardiac development. This review examines current research on the impact of antioxidant supplementation on pregnancy outcomes and its implications for preventing congenital heart defects.

Keywords: Antioxidants, congenital heart defects, oxidative stress, maternal health, prenatal nutrition

Oxidative Stress and Pregnancy-induced Hypertension: Antioxidant Solutions

2024-10-16T09:54:27-04:00

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a significant complication of pregnancy, contributing to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Recent research has illuminated the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PIH, characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses. This review examines the mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular resistance, and systemic inflammation in the context of PIH. By elucidating these mechanisms, the review highlights the critical need for effective strategies to mitigate oxidative stress during pregnancy. Antioxidants have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for managing oxidative stress and preventing PIH. Various antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, omega-3 fatty acids, and coenzyme Q10, have shown p.romise in reducing oxidative damage and improving vascular health during pregnancy. Clinical trials have suggested that supplementation with these antioxidants may enhance endothelial function and lower blood pressure in at-risk pregnant women, thereby decreasing the incidence of PIH and related complications.

Keywords: oxidative stress, pregnancy-induced hypertension, antioxidants, endothelial dysfunction, maternal health

Antioxidants and the Prevention of Neonatal Jaundice: A Narrative Review

2024-10-16T09:58:17-04:00

Neonatal jaundice, characterized by elevated bilirubin levels in newborns, is a common condition that can lead to severe complications like kernicterus if not managed effectively. Emerging evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development of neonatal jaundice by exacerbating red blood cell breakdown and overwhelming the body's ability to process bilirubin. This review explores the potential of antioxidant supplementation as a therapeutic strategy for mitigating oxidative stress and preventing severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The body's natural antioxidant defense systems, including enzymes like superoxide dismutase and non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamins C and E, are often underdeveloped in newborns, particularly in preterm infants. This deficiency leaves them more vulnerable to oxidative damage, increasing the risk of jaundice. Antioxidants, which neutralize free radicals, may help reduce bilirubin levels and prevent the escalation of jaundice to dangerous levels.

Keywords: Neonatal jaundice, antioxidants, bilirubin, oxidative stress, kernicterus.

Anemia in Pregnancy: Mentzer Index as a Predictor for Iron Supplementation Needs

2024-10-16T10:00:25-04:00

Anemia during pregnancy is a significant public health concern that affects a substantial proportion of women globally, with iron deficiency anemia being the most prevalent form. Effective early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent adverse outcomes for both mothers and infants. The Mentzer Index, a simple calculation derived from the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red blood cell (RBC) count, serves as a useful tool to differentiate between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia, thereby guiding appropriate treatment strategies. By categorizing the type of anemia, healthcare providers can more accurately assess the need for iron supplementation, which is essential for managing iron deficiency anemia but may not be beneficial in cases of thalassemia. The Mentzer Index has gained recognition for its ease of use, especially in resource-limited settings where access to advanced laboratory diagnostics may be restricted. With a straightforward calculation, it allows for rapid screening of pregnant women presenting with anemia symptoms. This index not only aids in timely diagnosis but also supports targeted interventions, ensuring that iron supplementation is administered only to those who truly need it. This targeted approach minimizes the risk of complications associated with unnecessary iron supplementation in individuals with thalassemia or other forms of anemia, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnostic tools in maternal health care.

Keywords: Anemia, Pregnancy, Mentzer Index, Iron Supplementation, Iron Deficiency, Thalassemia, Hematological Indices, Maternal Health

Insights into Maternal Health: Mentzer Index for Early Anemia Detection

2024-10-16T10:01:24-04:00

The Mentzer Index is a widely used hematological tool for differentiating between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia, especially in resource-limited settings where advanced diagnostic options may be unavailable. Calculated as the ratio of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) to red blood cell (RBC) count, it provides a quick and accessible method for anemia screening. For values over 13, iron deficiency anemia is more likely, while values below 13 typically indicate thalassemia. This simplicity makes the Mentzer Index advantageous in primary healthcare and community health settings, supporting early detection and intervention for at-risk populations, including pregnant women and children. Despite its usefulness, the Mentzer Index has limitations, including reduced specificity and accuracy in cases of coexisting anemia types, variations in age, and ethnic differences. Factors such as chronic inflammation, pregnancy-induced hemodilution, and concurrent health conditions can alter MCV and RBC values, potentially skewing the index and leading to misclassification. Additionally, the standard cut-off value may not universally apply to all populations, highlighting a need for localized studies to validate the index for diverse demographic and clinical groups. Moreover, the index is reliant on accurate laboratory results, which can be challenging in low-resource settings with limited access to quality-controlled equipment.

Keywords: Mentzer Index, anemia detection, maternal health, iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, early diagnosis, pregnancy complications

Screening for Thalassemia Traits in Pregnancy: The Role of Mentzer Index

2024-10-16T10:03:05-04:00

Thalassemia traits present significant challenges during pregnancy, often leading to complications such as anemia and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Early identification of carriers is essential for managing these risks and providing appropriate care. This review article examines the Mentzer Index, a straightforward and cost-effective tool derived from complete blood count (CBC) parameters, which can effectively screen for thalassemia traits in pregnant women. By calculating the ratio of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) to red blood cell (RBC) count, the Mentzer Index serves as a valuable first-line screening measure, facilitating timely referrals for further diagnostic testing. The relevance of early detection is underscored by the need for informed reproductive choices and tailored management strategies. Recognizing thalassemia traits allows healthcare providers to monitor affected women closely and implement appropriate interventions, ultimately improving maternal health outcomes. Furthermore, the Mentzer Index is easily applicable in various clinical settings, particularly in resource-limited environments where access to advanced laboratory testing may be limited.

Keywords: Thalassemia, pregnancy, Mentzer Index, anemia, screening, complete blood count, maternal health, carrier detection.

Scaling Down HIV: Community-Led Prevention in Developing Nations: A Review

2024-11-10T22:30:21-05:00

Community-led HIV prevention programs have become vital in reducing HIV transmission rates in developing nations, where the disease continues to exert a significant public health burden. These initiatives leverage the insights, trust, and cultural understanding of local populations to engage vulnerable groups, increase awareness, and promote safe health behaviors. Unlike traditional health interventions, community-led approaches emphasize grassroots involvement, peer education, and context-specific strategies, which have proven effective in overcoming barriers such as stigma, low health literacy, and limited healthcare accessibility. This review explores the unique elements that make community-led prevention an impactful model in HIV control. Through case studies and recent research, we highlight the effectiveness of community-led programs in regions with high HIV prevalence. From peer-led education among at-risk youth in Kenya to harm reduction efforts in India’s urban centers, these initiatives have consistently shown positive outcomes, including increased testing uptake, higher antiretroviral therapy adherence, and reduced risky behaviors. The adaptability of community-led models has allowed them to address diverse social challenges, providing culturally relevant messaging and support tailored to specific populations, such as sex workers, people who inject drugs, and adolescents. However, these programs face obstacles, including inconsistent funding, insufficient policy support, and challenges in data collection for monitoring impact.

Keywords: HIV Prevention, Community-Led Interventions, Developing Nations, Public Health, Behavioral Change

Youth-Friendly HIV Prevention: Tailoring Interventions for Young Populations

2024-11-18T22:06:45-05:00

Youth-friendly HIV prevention is a crucial component of global efforts to combat the HIV epidemic, particularly among adolescents and young adults, who represent a significant proportion of new HIV infections. Tailoring HIV prevention interventions to the unique needs of young people—who often face distinct challenges such as limited access to healthcare, stigma, and developmental factors—has shown promising results. These interventions include age-appropriate education, peer-led programs, digital tools, and family engagement, which have been shown to enhance knowledge, encourage safe practices, and increase HIV testing and treatment adherence. This review explores these tailored approaches, examining their effectiveness and the critical role they play in empowering young populations to reduce HIV transmission. Adolescents and young adults face numerous risk factors that heighten their vulnerability to HIV, including experimental behaviors, socio-economic disparities, and lack of comprehensive sexual health education. Youth-friendly HIV prevention strategies focus on addressing these risks through culturally relevant, accessible, and non-judgmental interventions. Programs that incorporate peer education, digital platforms, and family involvement foster an environment in which young people feel supported in seeking information, guidance, and health services. Research demonstrates that when HIV prevention services are adapted to the specific needs and preferences of young people, they are more likely to engage, adopt safer behaviors, and reduce the stigma associated with HIV.

Keywords: Youth-friendly services, HIV prevention, adolescents, tailored interventions, risk reduction

Affordable Access: Making HIV Testing and Counseling Available to All

2024-11-18T22:07:53-05:00

HIV testing and counseling (HTC) are fundamental components of the global strategy to reduce the transmission of HIV and ensure early diagnosis and treatment. However, despite their critical importance, access to these services remains a challenge, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This review examines the importance of affordable access to HIV testing and counseling, the barriers to widespread availability, and strategies to overcome these challenges. It highlights the key role of HTC in the prevention and care continuum, emphasizing the need for universal access to achieve global health equity and reduce HIV-related morbidity and mortality. The review explores various factors that hinder access to affordable HIV testing and counseling, such as cost, stigma, and logistical challenges, including geographic barriers and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. These barriers disproportionately affect marginalized populations, including those in rural areas and high-risk groups. Furthermore, the review discusses the social and psychological factors that contribute to the underutilization of HTC services, such as fear of discrimination and lack of awareness about the importance of regular HIV testing.

Keywords: HIV Testing, HIV Counseling, Affordable Healthcare, Global Health Equity, HIV Prevention

Faith-based initiatives, HIV awareness, religious communities, health education, stigma reduction

2024-11-18T22:09:02-05:00

Faith-based initiatives have emerged as a powerful tool in addressing the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, particularly in communities where access to healthcare services may be limited or where stigma surrounding the disease remains high. Religious communities often have deep-rooted social influence and can serve as trusted platforms for spreading HIV awareness, promoting prevention measures, and reducing stigma associated with the disease. This review examines the role of faith-based organizations (FBOs) in HIV education and care, highlighting successful programs that leverage religious teachings to foster behavioral change, while also addressing the challenges these initiatives face, such as doctrinal conflicts and community resistance. One of the significant advantages of faith-based initiatives is their ability to reach vulnerable populations in a culturally sensitive and compassionate manner. Religious leaders can use their influence to normalize HIV-related discussions, advocate for safe-sex practices, and offer support to individuals living with HIV. FBOs also play a crucial role in reducing HIV-related stigma by framing HIV care within the context of love, compassion, and moral responsibility, which can create a more accepting environment for affected individuals. By integrating HIV education into religious settings, faith-based initiatives help bridge the gap between public health messages and local cultural values.

Keywords: Faith-based initiatives, HIV awareness, Stigma reduction, Religious communities, HIV prevention

An Investigation of Antipsychotic Activity of Plant Extracts in Experimental Animals

2024-12-09T11:09:11-05:00

The current study is done on plant extracts as antipsychotic medication in ayurvedic formulation. The hallucinations are induced by electro shock therapy or apomorphine. After induction of hallucinations the plant extract is administered as standard group, control group and simple group of six albino rats and the results are screened and analyzed with standard drug comparision. Pre-treatment of MEIR (methanolic extract of Ipomoea reniformis) for 15days at the dose of 200 and 400 milligram per kilogram body weight was used to evaluate antipsychotic activity. The antipsychotic activity was also studied against Apomorphine induced stereotype behavior in rats, Pilocarpine induced purposeless chewing in rats and Apomorphine induced climbing behavior in mice. In pre-treatment studies of antipsychotic activity, MEIR at the dose of 200 and 400 milligram per kilogram body weight significantly (p<0.001) reduced the stereotyped behavior against Apomorphine induced stereotypy behavior model. In Pilocarpine induced purposeless chewing behavior, MEIR at the dose of 200 and 400 milligram per kilogram body weight significantly (p<0.01) decreased chewing behavior and in Apomorphine induced climbing behavior, MEIR significantly (p<0.001) reduced the climbing activity at the dose of 200 and 400 milligram per kilogram body weight. The results of the Pr (+) study suggest that the MEIR possess antipsychotic activity in rats and mice. The results of each activites are compared with standard medicament and evaluated.

Keywords: Ipomoea reniformis, apomorphine, locust bean gum, pilocarpine, hallucinations, antipychotic activity

Preparation and Evaluation for Pulstile Release Capsules of Phenytoin

2024-12-09T11:19:08-05:00

The core Eighty tablets were evaluated for their drug concentration, hardness weight fluctuation thickness, friability, and disintegration speed. Identify the tablet actual thickness, followed by its diameter, was determined by calipers like vernier calipers, where a sample of 5 to 6 tablets was randomly selected and the average values of thickness and diameter were determined. The standard USP method was used to test the pills' different weights. From the batch, 20 pills were arbitrarily selected, and each one was weighed to ensure for weight. variance. A percentage deviation from the average weight was calculated.

Keywords: Phenytoin, polyethylene glycol 4000, sodium chloride, purified talc, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose