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Open Access Review Article

A Herbal Approach for the Treatment of Kidney Stone

Harshna Vishwakarma¹*, Kanchan Thakur², Arpana Purohit¹, Sameeksha Jain¹, Prakhar Nema¹ Prateek Kumar Jain¹

Article Info:

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Article History:

Received 09 Feb 2022

Reviewed 27 Feb 2022

Accepted 04 March 2022

Published 15 March 2022

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Cite this article as:

Vishwakarma H, Thakur K, Purohit A, Jain S, Nema P, Jain PK, A Herbal Approach for the Treatment of Kidney Stone, International Journal of Medical Sciences & Pharma Research, 2022; 8(1):1-9

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v8i1.29

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*Address for Correspondence:

Harshna Vishwakarma, Adina College of Pharmacy, ADINA Campus Rd, Lahdara, Sagar, MP, 470001

Abstract

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In ancient time people used plants as drugs. They used parts of plants like leaves, fruits, roots, stem, flowers, seeds, bark or whole plant. Traditional medicine is known as the primary health care in the world, about 70% of developing countries depends on the plant based treatment. In current scenarios most of the institutes promoting the use of plant based medicines. For the treatment of kidney stone tribal people uses several plant or juice of the plants for example Momordica charantia, Moringaolieferia, Amnivisnaga, Terbulusterrestris, Dolichosbiflorus, Arvalanata, Cotusspiralis,Vaccinumoxycoccos, Coriendrumsativum, Embelicaofficinalis, Petroselinum crispum, Barosmabetulina etc.

Keywords: Kidney Stone, Herbal Treatment, Medicinal Plants, Antioxidants, Uric Acid, UTIs, Cysteine, Struvite, Diuretics

Kidney stone is a painful condition in which solid masses aggregates and form crystals into the kidney. Kidney stone also can be present in ureters, Bladder and urethra. There are four types of kidney stone Calcium, Uric acid, Struvite and Cystine. The Calcium type of stones are most commonly occurs in patients while uric acid type of stones occurs due to the presence excess amount of acid in urine, uric acid type of kidney stone are more common in man than women. Struvite type of kidney stone mostly occurs in women due to the urinary tract infection and cystine type of kidney stone may present in the patients having genetic disorder cystinuria. The prevalence of renal stones is found to be around 12% in Indian population out of which approximately 5% cases are found where the patient may end up with renal failure.

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S. no	Name of Drug	Biological Source	Family	Chemical Constituents	Uses	Properties used in kidney stone
1.	Coriander	Seeds and leaves of Coriendrum sativum¹	Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae²	It contains 0.5-1 % essential oil. It is rich in advantageous phytonutrients including carvone, geraniol, limonene, borneol, camphor, elemol and linalool. Coriander’s flavonoids includes quercetin, kaempferol, rhamnetin and epigenin. Also contains active phenolic acid compounds including caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid³.	It is used as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and cholesterol lowering. it is also used as carminative, stimulant, stomachic, refrigerant, aphrodisiac, analgesic, anthelmintic and hypoglycaemic³. This plant may have antimicrobial properties against food borne pathogens such as Salmonella species^4. Used in respiratory infection^5.	Anti-inflammatory and Carminative
2.	Cranberry	Fruit extract of Vacciniumoxycoccos)⁶.	Ericaceae⁶.	It contains anthocyanidin flavonoids, cyanidin, peonidin and quercetin It also contain proanthocyanidins^7.	Cranberry extracts, cranberry juice and cranberry tincture Used for the treatment of UTIs^8,9. daily consumption of concentrated cranberry juice can significantly prevent the recurrence of symptomatic UTIs in children¹⁰. Proanthocyanidins have ability to prevent E. coli, which is the most common cause of bacterial UTIs. The constituents of cranberry juice also show efficacy against formation of kidney stones^10.	Cranberry juice uses in bacterial infection and it shows the efficacy against the formation of kidney stones.
3.	Blueberry	Fruits of Vacciniumcorymbosum)¹¹.	Ericaceae	It’s leaves are rich in phenolics. Eight predominant phenolics were quantified including five caffeoylquinic acids, two quercetin glycosides, and one kaempferol glycoside. The blueberry leaves may be a potential resource of antioxidant phenolics, catechin, Gallic acid, and rutin 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside^12.	It is use as an Antioxidant. It have preventive effects against cataracts, premature aging, and anaemia¹². It has been used to treat and prevent UTIs. cranberry juice may reduce the number of symptomatic UTIs over a 12-month period, particularly in women with recurrent UTIs¹³. it have bioactive compounds that inhibit the ability of E. coli to adhere to the walls of the bladder.	It reduces the symptoms of UTIs. Also inhibit the ability of E. coli to adhere to the walls of the bladder.
4.	Uvaursi	Leaves and stem of Arctostaphylosuva-ursi^14.	Ericaceae	Uvaursi leaves contain a glycoside known as arbutoside (arbutin)¹⁵. It contains phenologlycosides and flavonoids including antocyanes, hydroxycinnamic acids, saponins, lignans, iridoides, polysaccharides and essential oils in the stems and leaves of the bearberry.	This herb is approved in Germany for treatment of cystitis¹⁶. Arbutin exhibits an antibacterial effect and act as mild diuretic. It has been used for urinary tract complaints, including cystitis and urolithiasis^17,18. Arbutoside forms glucose and hydroquinone in the gut. Hyroquinone becomes glucuronidated after reaching the liver post absorption. When the urinary pH reaches seven, the Glucuronide portion diclines after renal excreation, this provide the hydroquinone, the ability to take action in opposition of urinary infective agents.	Uses in the treatment of cystitis and urolithiasis. It is a mild diuretic. Active against urinary infective agents.
5.	Horseradish	Roots of Armoracia rusticana^19.	Brassicaceae	It is rich in vitamin C^20.	Its roots have been used to treat various health problems including urinary tract infections, bronchitis, sinus congestion, in growing toe nails and coughs. It is also a stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, rubefacient and antiseptic. It’s constituents may have antibacterial activity^21,22. Horseradish’s volatile oil also exhibits an antibacterial effect on the bacteria that can cause UTIs²³.	It is used in urinary tract infections. It is uses as diuretics.
6.	Goldenseal	Hydrastis Canadensis^24.	Ranunculaceae	It contains the isoquinolinealkaloids: berberastine, plantain, hydrastinine, hydrastine, berberine, tetrahydroberberastine, canadine, and canalidine^25.	Berberine prevents UTIs by inhibiting bacteria from adhering to the wall of the urinary bladder²⁶. Therefore, goldenseal and some other plants which contains berberine can act as an aid in the treatment of Urinary Tract Infections. Because of the anti-inflammatory effects of plaintain, it may be beneficial in some people with UTIs. Though it is not clinically proven²⁷.	Goldenseal is used in the treatment of urinary tract infection.
7.	Yarrow	Aerial part of Achilleamillefolium²⁸	Asteraceae²⁹	It contains isovaleric acid, salicylic acid, asparagine, sterols, flavonoids, bitters, tannins, and coumarins.	It has astringent effects³⁰. It is a urinary disinfectant with a powerful antibacterial action and astringent effect that helps tone weak bladder tissues. Recommended for women with incontinence³¹. It is used for mucus conditions, as a bitter digestive tonic to increase bile flow, and as a diuretic, treatment of the Amenorrhea, anti-inflammatory, bowels, bleeding, blood clots, blood pressure (lowers), blood purifier, blood vessels (tones), catarrh (acute, repertory), colds, chicken pox, contraceptive (unproven), cystitis, diabetes treatment, dyspepsia, eczema, fevers, flu's, gastritis, glandular system, gum ailments, heartbeat (slow), influenza, insect repellent, internal bleeding, liver (stimulates and regulates), lungs (haemorrhage), menstruation (regulates, relieves pain), nosebleeds, piles (bleeding), smallpox, stomach sickness, toothache, thrombosis, ulcers, urinary antiseptic, uterus (tighten and contract), varicose veins, and vision³².	The yarrow is uses as diuretics and for tighten and contract the uterus. It is also uses as a urinary antiseptic.
8.	Echinacea	Flowers ofEchinacea purpurea³³	Asteraceae (Compositae)	Cortisone, polyunsaturated alkamides,polysaccharides– including arabinogalactans, fructofuranosides and heteroxylans^3.Three groups of phytochemicals are determined such as caffeic acid derivatives, polysaccharides and liphophilic alkamides, which are responsible for the genus medicinal properties, contains alkamides, cichroic acid and polysaccharides³⁵.	It’s active substances increase the activity of the immune system, relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and have hormonal, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. Cortisone inhibits hyaluronidase enzyme antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Proteus vulgaris³⁶.	Antioxidant
9.	Dandelion	Taraxacumcampylodes³⁷	Compositae	Dandelion is a rich source of vitamins A, B complex, C, and D, as well as minerals such as iron, potassium, calcium and zinc. The other active constituents of Dandelion include taraxacin, taraxacoside, inulin, phenolic acids, sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenes, coumarins, catortenoids and minerals a source of potassium^38.	It is a natural diuretic that enhances urine production by initiating the excretion of salts and water from the kidney. It can be used for a wide range of conditions requiring mild diuretic treatment, such as poor digestion, liver disorders, and high blood pressure. it relieves false sensations of urgency and also restores normal liver function^39.	It is used as a natural diuretics.
10.	Buchu	Agathosmabetulina^40.	Rutaceae	Agathosmabetulina contain limonene, menthone, diosphenol, l-pulegone and ()-diosphenol (an isomer of diosphenol). The other species, Agathosmacrenulata contains limonene, menthone, a trace of diosphenol and large amounts of l-pulegone.	It is a diuretic and a urinary disinfectant, stimulates urination and soothes burning sensation during urination, prevent periodic attacks of chronic cystitis or urethritis. buchu is also taken for prostatitis and irritable bladder. Agathosmabetulina uses in the treatment of kidney stones and urinary tract infection and also use for the relief of calculus. Pulegone is known to be an abortifacient buchu's herbal uses, but its diuretic and anti-inflammatory effects herbal medicine for urinary tract ailments, cystitis or urethritis prophylaxis and prostatitis^41.	It can be use in the treatment of kidney stones due to its diuretic effect. It is also uses as urinary disinfectant.
11.	Cleavers	Galiumaparine⁴²	Rubiaceae⁴³	In regards of the antioxidant properties polyphenols are considered to have constituents of significance. Anthraquinones, alkanes irioids, tannins, flavonoids, polyphenolic acids and vitamin E are the active constituents of Galiumaparine that act as a contributing factor to the natural antioxidant composition.	It is a therapeutic spice, customarily used to treat skin infections. It has a diuretic activity, supporting disposal of squanders, and furthermore acts to upgrade the lymphatic framework, advancing lymphatic seepage of poisons and squanders⁴⁴. It is a diuretic and treat other intense and fiery urinary illnesses like intense and constant cystitis³⁹ Utilized effectively in asthma, hack, and ongoing bronchitis, and seems to apply an impact chiefly upon the respiratory organs^45.	Its antioxidant property.
12.	Parsley	Petroselinum crispum^46.	Apiaceae	Vitamin A& C, Myristicin^47.	It decreases irritations, contains receptor inhibitors and is a free radical scavenger. Its diuretic effects are mediated through an inhibitory action on the sodium-potassium pump, thereby enhancing sodium and water excretion while increasing potassium reabsorption. The essential oil apiole found in all parts of parsley is a proven kidney stimulant. It is also used as a tonic to strengthen the bladder Myristicin, an active component of parsely, may also cross the placenta and increase the heart rate of the fetus⁴⁷.	Its diuretic effect and kidney stimulant effect
13.	Juniper	Juniperusosteosperma		alpha pinene, cadinene, camphene and terpineol^16.	It is a herbal remedy for urinary tract infections, to treat diabetes and as a female contraceptive. Juniper contains aromatic compounds that increase the flow of urine, Its leaves are diuretic, by increasing urinary volume and apparently helping to flush bacteria out of the urinary tract¹⁶often used as a diuretic, antiseptic and stimulant, used for treatment of chronic cystitis, antimicrobial actions.	Its diuretic function and use in cystitis.
14.	Amla	Emblica officinalis⁴⁸	Euphorbiaceae	It contains hydrolysable tannins, emblicanin A, emblicanin B, punigluconin and pedunculagin. Emblicanin An and B,gallic acid, ellagic acid, 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose, 3,6-di-O-galloyl-Dglucose, chebulinic acid, quercetin, chebulagic acid, corilagin, 1,6-di-O - galloyl beta D glucose, 3 Ethylgallic acid (3 ethoxy 4,5 dihydroxy benzoic acid) and isostrictiniin. Phyllanthusemblica also contains flavonoids, kaempferol 3 O alpha L (6'' methyl) rhamnopyranoside and kaempferol 3 O alpha L (6''ethyl) rhamnopyranoside^48.	The product of Embelica officinalis is diuretic, dried products of amla are utilized to treat discharge, looseness of the bowels and diarrhea, adaptogenic, hepatoprotective, antitumor, hypocholestrolemic. cancer prevention agent and antiulcerogenic The natural products are additionally answered to be calming, analgesic and antipyretic, cancer prevention agent movement exhibited strong antimicrobial properties of E. officinalis. Itutilized generally in the treatment of lungs. It has additionally shown antifungal action in vitro^49-59, dynamic against Staphylococcus aureus, E-coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhus and Candida albicans^60.	Its antioxidant property